Why There Must Be a Midwestern Literature

SHERWOOD ANDERSON

And What a Half-Filled Milk Bottle Can Do for an American Author

I LIVED, during that summer, in a large room on the top floor of an old house on the North Side in Chicago. It was August and the night was hot. Until after midnight I sat—the sweat trickling down my back— under a lamp, trying to feel my way into the lives of the people who were trying also to live in the tale I was writing.

It was a hopeless affair.

I became involved in the efforts of the shadowy people and they in turn became involved in the fact of the hot, uncomfortable room, in the fact that, although it was what the farmers of the Middle West call "good corn-growing weather," it was plain hell to be alive in Chicago. Hand in hand the shadowy people and myself groped our way through a forest in which the leaves had all been burned off the trees. The hot ground burned the shoes off our feet. We were striving to make our way through the forest and into some cool, beautiful city. The fact is, as you will clearly understand, I was a little off my head.

When I gave up the struggle and got to my feet the chairs in the room danced about. They also were running aimlessly through a hot burning land and striving to reach some mythical city. "I'd better get out of here and go for a walk or jump into the lake and cool myself off," I thought.

I went down out of my room and into the street. On a lower floor of the house lived two burlesque actresses who had just come in from their evening's work. They sat in their room talking. As I reached the street, something heavy whirled past my head and broke on the stone pavement. A white liquid spurted over my clothes. The sharp angry.voice of one of the actresses could be heard coming from the one lighted room of the house. "O, Hell! We live such damn lives, we do, and live in such a town. A dog is better off. And now they are going to take booze away from us. I come home from working in that hot theater on a night like this and what do I see?—a half-filled bottle of spoiled milk standing on a window sill. I won't stand it. I've got to smash something," she cried.

I walked eastward from my house. From the Northwestern end of the city great hordes of men, women and children had come to spend the night out of doors by the shore of the lake. It was hot there, too. The air was heavy with a sense of struggle. On a few hundred acres of flat land two million people were striving to sleep and not succeeding. Out of the half darkness beyond the strip of park land, at the waters edge, the huge empty houses of Chicago's fashionable folk made a greyish blue blot against the sky. "Thank the gods," I thought, "there are some people who can get out of here, who can go to the seashore, or to Europe." I stumbled in the half darkness over the legs of a woman who was lying and trying to sleep on the grass. A baby lay beside her and when she sat up it began to cry. I muttered an apology and stepped aside. My foot struck a half-filled milk bottle and knocked it over, the milk running out on the grass. "O, I'm sorry," I cried. "Never mind," the woman answered, "the milk is sour."

The Transfiguration of Chicago

HE is a tall, stoop-shouldered man with prematurely greyed hair and works as a copy writer in an advertising agency here in Chicago. On that night in August I met him walking with quick eager strides along the shore of the lake and past the tired petulant people. He did not see me at first and I wondered at the evidences of life in him when everyone else seemed half dead; but a street lamp hanging over a nearby roadway threw its light down upon my face, and he pounced. "Here you, come up to my place," he said sharply. "I've got something to show you. I was on my way down to see you. That's where I was going," he lied as he hurried me along.

We went to his apartment on a street leading back from the lake and the park. German, Polish, Italian and Jewish families, equipped with soiled blankets and the everpresent, half-filled bottles of milk, had come prepared to spend the night out of doors; but the Americans in the crowds were giving up the struggle to find a cool spot, and a little stream of them trickled along the sidewalks, going back to hot beds in the hot houses.

It was past one o'clock and my friend's apartment was disorderly as well as hot. He explained that his wife, with their two children, had gone home to visit her mother on a farm near Springfield, Illinois.

We took off our coats and sat down. My friend's thin cheeks were flushed and his eyes shone. "You know—well—you see," he began, and then hesitated and laughed like an embarrassed schoolboy. "Well, now," he began again, "I've long been wanting to write something real, something besides advertisements. I suppose I'm silly, but that's the way I am. It's been my dream to write something stirring and big. I suppose it's the dream of all advertising writers, eh? Now look here— don't you go laughing. I think I've done it."

He explained that he had written a thing concerning Chicago, the capital and heart, as he said, of the whole Central West. He grew angry. "People come here from the East or from farms or from little holes of towns like I came from and they think it smart to run Chicago into the ground," he declared. "I thought I'd show 'em up," he added, jumping up and walking nervously about the room.

He handed me many sheets of paper covered with hastily scrawled words, but I protested and asked him to read it aloud.. He did, standing with his back to me. There was a quiver in his voice. The thing he had written concerned some mythical town I had never seen. He called it Chicago, but in the same breath spoke of great streets flaming with colours, ghost-like buildings flung into the sky and a river running down a path of gold into the boundless West. It was the city I and the people in my own story, and even the chairs in my room, had been trying to find, when I went off my head an hour before. The people of his city, he said, were a cool-headed, brave people, marching forward to some spiritual triumph, the promise of which was inherent in the physical aspects of the town.

Now I am one who, by the careful cultivation of certain traits in my character, have succeeded in building up the more brutal side of my nature, but I cannot knock women and children down in order to get aboard Chicago street cars nor can I tell an author to his face that I think his work is rotten.

"You're all right, Ed. You're great. Why you've knocked out a regular soc-dolager of a masterpiece here. Why you sound as good as Henry Mencken, writing about Chicago as the literary center of America, and you've lived in Chicago and he never did. The only thing I can see you've missed is a little something about the stockyards, and you can put that in later," I added and prepared to depart.

"What's this," I asked, picking up a half dozen sheets of paper that lay on the floor by my chair. I read it eagerly. And, when I had finished reading it, he stammered and apologized, and then, stepping across the room, jerked, the sheets out of my hand and threw them out at an open window. "I wish you hadn't seen that. It's something else I wrote about Chicago," he explained. He was flustered.

"You see the night was so hot, and, down at the office, I had to write a condensed milk advertisement just as I was sneaking away to come home and work on this other thing, and the street car was so crowded and the people stank so, and when I finally got home here— the wife being gone—the place was a mess. Well, I couldn't write and I was sore. It's been my chance, you see, the wife and kids being gone and the house quiet. I went for a walk. I think I went a little off my head. Then I came home and wrote that thing I've just thrown out of the window."

He grew cheerful again. "O, well—it's all right. Writing that fool thing stirred me up and enabled me to write this other stuff, this real'stuff I showed you first about Chicago. '

The Milk Bottle Motif

AND SO I went home and to bed, having in this odd way stumbled upon another bit of the kind of writing that is—for better or worse—really presenting the lives of the people of these towns and cities—sometimes in prose, sometimes in stirring colourful song. It was the kind of thing Mr. Sandburg or Mr. Masters might have done after an evening's walk in, say West Congress Street, in Chicago.

The thing I had read of Ed's, centered about a half-filled bottle of spoiled milk standing dim in the moonlight on a window sill. (There had been a moon earlier on that August evening, a new moon, a thin crescent golden streak on the sky.) What had happened to my friend, the advertising writer, was something like this—I figured it all out as I lay sleepless in bed after our talk.

I am sure I do not know whether or not it is true that all advertising writers, like newspaper men, want to do other kinds of writing, but Ed did. The August day that had preceded the hot night had been a hard one for him to get through. All day he had been wanting to be at home in his quiet house producing literature rather than sitting in an office and writing advertisements. In the late afternoon, when he had thought his desk cleared for the day, the boss of the copy writers came and ordered him to write a page advertisement for the magazines on the subject of condensed milk. "We got a chance to get a new account if we can knock out some crackerjack stuff in a hurry," he said. "I'm sorry to have to put it up to you on such a rotten hot day, Ed, but we're up against it. Let's see if you've got some of the old pep. Get down to hardpan now and knock out something snappy and unusual before you go home."

Ed had tried. He put away the thoughts he had been having about the city beautiful— the glowing city of the plains—and got right down to business. He thought about milk, milk for the little children, the Chicagoans of the future, milk that would produce a little cream to put in the coffee of advertising writers in the morning, sweet fresh milk to keep all his brother and sister Chicagoans robust and strong. What Ed really wanted was a long cool drink of something with a kick in it, but he tried to make himself think he wanted a drink of milk. He gave himself over to thoughts of milk, milk condensed and yellow, milk warm from the cows his father owned when he was a boy—his mind launched a little boat and he set out upon a sea of milk.

Out of it all he got an original advertisement. The sea of milk on which he sailed became a mountain of cans of condensed milk, but out of the fancy he got what, in advertising agencies, is called an idea. He made a crude sketch for a picture showing wide rolling green fields dotted with white farm houses. Cows grazed on the green hills and at one side of the picture a barefooted boy was driving a herd of Jersey cows out of the sweet fair land and down a lane into a kind of funnel at the small end of which was a tin of the condensed milk. Over the picture he put a heading: "The health and freshness of a whole countryside is condensed into one can of Bottsford's Condensed Milk." The head copy writer said it was a humdinger.

An August Evening Walk

AND then Ed went home. He wanted to begin writing about the city beautiful at once and so didn't go out to dinner, but fished about in the ice chest and found some cold meat, out of which he made himself a sandwich. Also, he poured himself a glass of milk, but it was sour. "O, damn," he said and poured it into the kitchen sink.

As Ed explained to me later, he sat down and tried to begin writing his real stuff at once, but he couldn't seem to get into it. The last hour in the office, the trip home in the hot smelly car, and the taste of the sour milk in his mouth had stirred his nerves. The truth is that Ed has a rather sensitive, finely balanced nature and it had got mussed up.

He took a walk and tried to think, but his mind wouldn't stay where he wanted it to. Ed is now a man of nearly forty and on that night his mind ran back to his young manhood in the city—and stayed there. Like other boys who have become grown men in Chicago, he had come to the city from a farm at the edge of a prairie town, and, like all such town boys, he had come filled with vague dreams.

What things he had hungered to do, and be, in Chicago! What he had done you can fancy. For one thing he had got himself married and now lived in the apartment on the North Side. To give a real picture of his life during the twelve or fifteen years that had slipped away since he was a young man would involve writing a novel, and that isn't my purpose.

And, anyway, there he was in his room— come home from his walk—and it was hot and still and he couldn't manage to get into his masterpiece. How quiet it was there with the wife and children away. His mind stayed on the subject of his youth in the city.

He remembered a night of his young manhood when he had gone out to walk, just as he did on that August evening. Then his life wasn't complicated by the fact of the wife and children and he lived alone in one room; but something had got on his nerves then, too. On that evening long ago he grew restless in his room and went out to walk. It was summer and first he went down by the river where ships were being loaded and then to a crowded park where girls and young fellows walk about.

He grew bold and spoke to a woman who sat alone on a park bench. She let him sit beside her and, because it was dark and she was silent, words came to his lips. The night had made him sentimental. "Human beings are such hard things to get at. I wish I could come close to some one and talk," he said. "O, you go on. What are you doing? You trying to kid me?" the woman answered.

Ed jumped and walked away. He went into a long street lined with silent dark buildings and then stopped and looked about. What he wanted was to believe that in the apartment buildings were people who lived intense, eager lives, who had great dreams, who were capable of great adventures. "They are really only separated from me by the brick walls," he thought.

It was then that the milk bottle theme got hold of him. He went into an alleyway to look at the backs of the apartment buildings and, on that evening also, there was a moon. Its light fell upon a long row of the half-filled bottles standing on window sills.

Something within him went a little sick and he hurried out of. the alleyway and into the street. A man and woman walked past him and stopped before the entrance of one of the buildings. Hoping they might turn out to be lovers, he concealed himself in the entrance to another building to listen to their conversation.

The couple turned out to be man and wife and they were quarreling. Ed heard the woman's voice saying: "You come in here. You can't put that over on me.. You say you just want to take a walk, but I know you. You want to go out and blow in some money. What I'd like to know is why you don't loosen up a little for me."

Murder by Milk Bottle

THAT is the story of what happened to Ed when, as a young man, he went to walk in the city in the evening, and when he had become a man of forty and went out of his house wanting to dream and think of a city beautiful, much the same sort of thing happened. Perhaps the writing of the condensed milk advertisement and the taste of the sour milk he had got out of the ice box had something to do with his mood; but, anyway, milk bottles, like a refrain in a song, got into his brain. They seemed to sit and mock him from the windows of all the buildings in all the streets, and when he turned to look at people, he met the crowds from the West and the Northwest Sides coming to the park and the lake. At the head of each little group of people marched a woman who carried a milk bottle swinging in her hand.

And so, on that August night, Ed went home angry and disturbed, and in anger wrote of his city. Like the burlesque actress in my house he wanted to smash something and, as milk bottles were in his mind, he wanted to smash milk bottles. ' "I could grasp the handle of a milk bottle. It fits the hand. I could kill a man or woman with such a thing," he thought desperately.

He wrote, you see, the five or six sheets I had read in that mood and then felt better. And after that he wrote about the ghostlike buildings flung into the sky by the hands of a brave 'adventurous people, and about the river that runs down a path of gold, and into the boundless West.

As you have already concluded, the city he described in his masterpiece was lifeless, but the city he, in a queer way, expressed in what he wrote about the milk bottle could not be forgotten. There was, in spite of his anger and perhaps because of it, a lovely singing quality in the thing In those few scrawled pages the miracle had been worked. I was a fool not to have put the sheets into my pocket. When I went, down out of his apartment that evening I did look for them in a dark alleyway, but they had become lost in a sea of rubbish that had leaked over the tops of a long row of tin ash cans that stood at the foot of a stairway leading from the apartments above.